I've been plagued by this issue after installing the 1903 update in May. Any cumulative update seemed to install okay, but upon restarting, I'd see the Windows logo followed by a black screen with an infinitely spinning circle. The most recent update to
cause this issue was KB4507453.
Today, I fixed it by doing these steps:
1. Ran DISM.exe /Online /Cleanup-image /Restorehealth
No errors were reported with this and it restored properly
2. Ran sfc /scannow
This reported multiple windows files as being corrupt but reported that it was able to repair them successfully:
2019-07-20 08:34:46, Info CBS (p)
CSI Payload Corrupt (w)
(Fixed) amd64_windows-defender-management-powershell_31bf3856ad364e35_10.0.18362.1_none_b620cb061e8a941c\MSFT_MpComputerStatus.cdxml
2019-07-20 08:34:46, Info CBS (p)
CSI Payload Corrupt (w)
(Fixed) amd64_windows-defender-management-powershell_31bf3856ad364e35_10.0.18362.1_none_b620cb061e8a941c\MSFT_MpThreat.cdxml
2019-07-20 08:34:46, Info CBS (p)
CSI Payload Corrupt (w)
(Fixed) amd64_windows-defender-management-powershell_31bf3856ad364e35_10.0.18362.1_none_b620cb061e8a941c\MSFT_MpThreatCatalog.cdxml
2019-07-20 08:34:46, Info CBS (p)
CSI Payload Corrupt (w)
(Fixed) amd64_windows-defender-management-powershell_31bf3856ad364e35_10.0.18362.1_none_b620cb061e8a941c\MSFT_MpThreatDetection.cdxml
2019-07-20 08:34:46, Info CBS (p)
CSI Payload Corrupt (w)
(Fixed) amd64_windows-defender-management-powershell_31bf3856ad364e35_10.0.18362.1_none_b620cb061e8a941c\MSFT_MpPreference.cdxml
2019-07-20 08:34:46, Info CBS (p)
CSI Payload Corrupt (w)
(Fixed) amd64_windows-defender-management-powershell_31bf3856ad364e35_10.0.18362.1_none_b620cb061e8a941c\MSFT_MpScan.cdxml
2019-07-20 08:34:46, Info CBS (p)
CSI Payload Corrupt (w)
(Fixed) amd64_windows-defender-management-powershell_31bf3856ad364e35_10.0.18362.1_none_b620cb061e8a941c\MSFT_MpWDOScan.cdxml
2019-07-20 08:34:46, Info CBS (p)
CSI Payload Corrupt (w)
(Fixed) amd64_windows-defender-management-powershell_31bf3856ad364e35_10.0.18362.1_none_b620cb061e8a941c\MSFT_MpSignature.cdxml
2019-07-20 08:34:46, Info CBS (p)
CSI Payload Corrupt (w)
(Fixed) amd64_windows-defender-management-powershell_31bf3856ad364e35_10.0.18362.1_none_b620cb061e8a941c\Defender.psd1
3. Downloaded the KB4507453 directly from the update catalog: https://www.catalog.update.microsoft.com/Search.aspx?q=KB4507453
4. After restarting, I was back to normal and windows update doesn't report any other updates pending or needed at this time.
Prior to all these steps, I tried a number of things like running the update troubleshooting tool and clean reboots, but everytime this update tried to install, it failed.