This is now a well reported and documented problem on this forum. There are several aspects to it but it only affects Gmail accounts. Most people find the sent emails in their Spam or Junk folder. There also seems to be a problem with receiving emails
with attachments, the attachments don't show. I've copied a previous workaround I provided below. Microsoft are taking their time issuing a proper fix.
The problem seems to be associated with automated settings Windows applies when adding the Gmail account. This is no longer working and it could be that Google have made some changes at their end. To work around
this you have to remove your Gmail account from the Mail app and then add it back in again using a different route. Follow the steps below:
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Make sure you have set up your Google account to allow IMAP access - step 1 in https://support.google.com/mail/answer/7126229?hl=en
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Set Google to allow access to less secure apps because Google now considers the Windows Mail App is a less secure app:
https://support.google.com/accounts/answer/6010255?hl=en
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Delete the Gmail account in your Windows Mail app via Settings > Manage Accounts.
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In the Windows Mail App add a new account and select Other Account (POP/IMAP)
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Add your Gmail details and click done. There may be a long wait while Mail syncs the account back again.
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To check the account is set up correctly in the account settings go to Change Mailbox Sync settings and
open Advanced Settings. Make sure these settings are as shown in the Gmail help from step 1.
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Once completed you should be back to a working account.
Hope this helps.