Cannot rename new folders in Vista Home Premium 32-bit

You've found most of the good articles for repairing this type of problem when that is the problem.  The problem may not be with the renaming process but with your profile (especially if the process works using a different profile).

Your Administrator user profile may have become corrupt.  To fix this use http://windows.microsoft.com/en-AU/windows-vista/Fix-a-corrupted-user-profile.  If that is the only available Administrator Profile (you need to be an administrator to fix this), enable the Hidden Administrator Account (HAA) using http://www.microsoft.com/communities/newsgroups/en-us/default.aspx?&lang=en&cr=US&guid=&sloc=en-us&dg=microsoft.public.windows.vista.administration_accounts_passwords&p=1&tid=d20f9db4-7b2c-48be-a087-7835dc2a9055&mid=d20f9db4-7b2c-48be-a087-7835dc2a9055.  If you can't remember the password, try nothing as that's probably what you (or the vendor) did during installation.  Once done, be sure to deactivate the HAA to save it in case it's needed again and for security purposes (since people often try to hack into systems using this account).  Do NOT use the HAA as your administrator account because if you lose the only administrator account on the system or it becomes corrupt again then you are hosed.