I had the same problem, this is how I solved it:
- I checked out the windows update log at <WindowsHome>\Logs\CBS\CBS.log
- The log had errors: "STATUS_OBJECT_NAME_NOT_FOUND", "ERROR_FILE_NOT_FOUND"
- I saw the problem begining with this: "Exec: Warning - Manifest doesn't exist for:"
- Then in the line below it was talking about a resource localized: "Component Identity: Microsoft-Windows-MFPlat.Resources, Culture=fr-CA"
- I have multiple languages in my PC, English / French but the problem is specific with french.
- I login with every user and deleted the "French - Canada" languages (From "Settings -> Time & Languages -> Language")
- I let only English (US). Then I went to "Administrative language Settings" in that tab (right corner) and with "Copy Settings" option I let only English for Display language, Input Language and Format.
- Reboot
- Try again and everything works without issues.
Conclusion: In my case it was due to the multiple languages configuration. The update seems to be incomplete or not build properly.