Have you checked the TurboTax site to make sure that version you have on the CD is compatible with Windows 10? It will be listed there. They will also have info if any other TurboTax customer has ever encountered the same issue.
Another thing you can try out: open File Explorer, go to the "This PC" section. Find your CD drive icon (it may have a TurboTax logo on it while the CD is in) and right-click and choose "Open" (so that it doesn't try to run the setup program yet). Find
the actual setup file icon, right-click, and choose "Troubleshoot compatibility" from the menu.
Many times, this is all it takes. I recorded a demo about doing this, it's only a 45-second video if you want to take a look. It says Windows 8, but the steps are 100% identical in Windows 10 too (and 7 for that matter). Here's a link: