Dear ChadNeal,
Welcome to Microsoft Community.
From your description, I understand that you may have a problem to recover your account, you can't access it and applying another account to submit message, I understand the inconvenience.
Since you lost the phone with 2FA setup on this account, it's really tricky because you may not be able to submit the recovery form, but you can have a try, because filling out a recovery form is an efficient way to recover an account.
To access the account recovery form, click here: Recover Your Account (Recover your account (live.com)) I suggest that you take your time to provide the necessary information, as this is critical to recovering the account.
If the above method doesn't work, I suggest you contact our online agent to check the account status for you. Since the community forum is a public community, in order to protect user privacy information, we cannot access any user privacy information. So, I can't query your account directly for you, but I can point you in the right direction.
Specific steps required to contact an online agent:
After entering Contact - Microsoft Support, enter "Account Issues" in the search box
Click Sign in and contact support at the bottom of the page.
Sign in with your Microsoft account.
Under Products & Services, select Microsoft 365 and Office Options.
Under Categories, select Manage Account Security.
Click "Chat with a support agent." Then fill in the contact information where the online agent can contact you.
Please note that it is important to contact chat during local business hours, the chat team is not available 24 hours a day!
I hope you can solve the problem smoothly. In addition, if you successfully recover your account, you can consider the suggestions in the following documents to improve the security of your account: How to help keep your Microsoft account safe and secure - Microsoft Support
You may consider turning on two-step verification for your account to improve account security, see: How to use two-step verification with your Microsoft account - Microsoft Support
I wish you all the best!
Best regards,
Harris-MSFT |Microsoft Community support specialist