Hello Connor Slogan
Welcome to the Microsoft Community.
I understand that you are having trouble logging into your account. I understand how you feel.
According to the description, you have enabled two-step verification for your account, but your phone has been lost. You must enter the account security information page through verification to change the account security information. And the recovery form cannot be used for accounts with two-step verification enabled.
Given that your current problem is urgent and account recovery is a long process, I strongly recommend that you communicate with your airline and contact them to resend the important data you need.
For your account, do you have the correct password; do you have other verification methods, such as backup emails; or 25-digit account recovery code, have you saved it correctly? If you have any two of them, you can reset your security information.
If you missed all the above methods. So I want to tell you a fact that Microsoft is very strict about account privacy information, and most Microsoft agents can't do anything about this process.
After understanding the above situation, if you prefer to communicate with the support team in real-time to discuss other better ways, you can use the following link.
1. Open a website link - Contact - Microsoft Support
2. In the box below "We'll work for you anytime", type MSA, click "Get Help", and then click "Contact Support" below.
3. In this section, you need to register a personal Microsoft account
Note: You can only use a personal MSA to sign in, and the company account can't display the correct content. If the account cannot be connected, you can use a different account or create a new account to run;
4. Select "Other Products" under Products & Services, select "Manage Account Security" as the category, and click to confirm
5. You can select "Chat with support specialists in web browser" to access the chat window.
We wish you all the best. Please don't hesitate to contact me if you need any help or support.
Best wishes
Forry.F - MSFT | Microsoft Community Support Specialist