I'm not going to delete anything in my registry until I get home tonight, as someone on that linked thread got locked out of their boot menu after doing that.
Here's what I just tried:
1) Safely remove all devices from USB ports
2) Go into Control Panel -> Devices
3) Right-click the Unknown Device, click Uninstall
4) Takes a few minutes to uninstall
5) Re-insert one USB flash drive, computer did not recognise it (it was working fine and dandy when Unknown Device was there - Unknown Device is not specific to this drive, it comes up even when nothing is plugged in externally to USB)
6) Re-insert different device to the other USB port, connected fine
7) Safely remove everything again
8) In Devices, go Action -> Scan for Hardware Changes
9) Finds Unknown Device, tries to reinstall driver for Unknown Device, installation fails, Unknown Device persists with the warning flag
10) All USB ports work again.
I'm on a laptop, so ripping the thing apart to see if a USB port has 8 or 9 pins (a suggestion from mural's link) seems excessively painful. I have to agree with what some other people have said, this is not a problem with any external device, it seems
to be either Windows, or the Windows driver for this particular USB host.
(Side note - all ports and devices have been working nicely on Ubuntu 10 on the same machine)
Thoughts?