I just got over a very similar problem with a month old laptop with Win 8. I ran a chkdsk /r on the C drive after booting from a usb drive with the MDOP diag tools (you can boot from anything other than your boot disk so chkdsk can unmount it).
There were no physical disk errors reported in the OS, but I was getting same events you report, and chkdsk /r found only 3 errors, one of which was with c:\windows\system32\sru\srudb.dat
chkdsk replaced bad clusters in the file and in two other seemingly less significant files, and upon reboot all my problems were gone. The laptop was performing awfully, and the symptoms were such that it seemed like a disk error, but I believe it was
an OS indexing error of the windows.edb file (search database). I see some ESENT entries in the application log now and it looks like it replayed some logs and the search service successfully started now, and all is well.
I was quite flustered, so didn't take the time to note all the details (it's my son's new laptop), but I can't believe it's fine now. You might search Technet for windows.edb repair or rebuild. I think the search service uses that for its database, and
I think the problem is related to a metro app and maybe an associated driver. Anyhow, I'm finally past it!